No mention of Dr Malone who claims to have discovered in-vitro and in-vivo RNA transfection at the Salk Institute in 1987, and that he later invented mRNA vaccines in 1988.This pre-dates anything cited here. [13] Ultimately, mRNA vaccines were the decades-long result of the contributions of hundreds of researchers, including Malone.
However, mRNA is definitely promising in the area of immunology. I think they are safe.". She left her native Hungary in 1985, when funding dried up for her lab, taking a low-level postdoctoral position at Temple University.
Dr. Weissman said the mRNA trend is unstoppable and has taken over biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and academic laboratories worldwide that, as he described, previously had no interest in the matter. [3][16][17][18], While Malone promotes himself as an inventor of mRNA vaccines,[1][7] credit for the distinction is more often given to the lead authors on the major papers he contributed to (such as Felgner and Wolff), later advances by Katalin Karik and Drew Weissman,[3][19] or Moderna co-founder Derrick Rossi. She tells him about mRNA, touting its vast potential. He began to attempt to set the record straight. I wish I could ask a few questions to prof Weissman: 1) Could any skilled scientist engineer a HIV (or any lethal pathogen) with a modified Coronavirus spike protein? Before the award ceremony kicked off, NBC New York spoke with both world-renowned scientists on what's next for the science community and the future of medical technology.
But Weissman is hardly stopping with coronaviruses. Second, the FDA and the CDC also review large, population-based healthcare datasets, to round out the picture of what happens after people get vaccinated with a more active form of surveillance. One day, while waiting at the office to photocopy articles from a research journal, Weissman struck up a conversation with Penn biochemist Karik. She offers to make mRNA for one of his experiments. Ongoing Clinical Trials of mRNA Cancer Vaccine Candidates in Different Cancers. 2022 Dec 1;14(12):2682. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122682. Copyright 2023 NBCUniversal Media, LLC. In particular, the video suggested that Jake West, a 17-year-old Indiana high school football player who succumbed to sudden cardiac arrest, had actually died from COVID-19 vaccination. I wonder if there is something people could do to prevent this strong inflammatory response before receiving these vaccines. They spent years investigating the cause of the inflammation and years more experimenting with how to prevent it. Profile.
Before
Down regulation of any immunological response could have risks. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japans-takeda-says-human-error-caused-contamination-moderna-vaccines-2021-10-01/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16111635/, https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.84.21.7413, COVID Vaccines for Kids Ages 5 to 11: Answers to Common Questions, Study Reveals Recipe for Even More Powerful COVID-19 Vaccines, Video: Inside the Insectary: How BU Scientists Study Diseases from Mosquitoeswithout Getting Bitten, Opening Doors: Classical Singer Patrick Dailey (CFA14), Alum Remembers Navigating BU at the Time of the Boston Strangler: A Magical and Frightening Time All at Once, Boston Police Commissioner Michael Cox Scaled the Blue Wall of Silence, Alum Awarded Top Prize In Wildlife Photographer Of The Year Competition, Remembering SPHs Joseph Massaro, CAS Gustav Fritz Papanek and Merlin L. Swartz, After Working in the Royal Household, Historian Kathryn Lamontagne Has Insights on King Charles Coronation and Prince Harrys Tell-All, Marcelle Willock, Former BU Chair of Anesthesiology, Was a Pioneering Physician.
And Columbia University awarded them the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, bestowed annually for groundbreaking work in medical science.
Mishaps and lucky breaks gave us X-rays, insulin, and, most famously, penicillin, discovered in 1928, when a Scottish biologist returned from a summer holiday to find the bacteria cultures in his lab destroyed by a peculiar mold. This article will explore the history of the mRNA vaccine, the pioneering scientists behind its development, and the impact it has had on global health. Dr Malone discovered in-vitro and in-vivo RNA transfection at the Salk Institute in 1987, and that he later invented mRNA vaccines in 1988.This predates anything cited here. Disclaimer. The vaccine does not contain any virus, so it cannot give you COVID-19. Dr. Malones ego keeps getting in the way of any praise that he should deservingly receive. Barcelona, Spain.
Dr. Malone rightfully earned the title of Inventor of mRNA Vaccine Technology per Dr. Malones website where he lists his major publications and patents contributing to the invention of mRNA Vaccine Technology (which is nanotechnology) including Dr. Malones 1989 publication, Cationic Liposome Mediated RNA Transfection. However, Malone is but one of a great many scientists who've made today's mRNA vaccines possible. Bookshelf The injected mRNA tells your body to make a viral protein to teach the immune system how to fight the coronavirus. Careers.
His lab is also exploring new gene therapies to treat immune deficiencies like cystic fibrosis and genetic liver diseases.
What followed was a partnership that has lasted for more than two decades. He was hoping getting jabbed might help with some of the long-COVID-19 symptoms he was having at the time, but it didn't.
The mRNA vaccines we have areworking to keep people from dying and staving off severe disease in many, many hundreds of millions of people around the world, but they're not perfect. [48][49] On January 3, 2022, Congressman Troy Nehls entered a full transcript[2][50] of The Joe Rogan Experience interview with Malone into the Congressional Record in order to circumvent what he said was censorship by social media.
Dr. Malone worked on methods to more effectively deliver naturally occuring RNA and mRNA through the cell membrane using lipids (paper from 1989). But neither scientist was ready to give up on the promise of mRNA. MODERNA INC ( MRNA) is a large-cap value stock in the Biotechnology & Drugs industry. We're making vaccines for food allergies, peanut allergies. www.bu.edu. In December 2020, he and Karik received their first vaccine shots together at the University of Pennsylvania. Ugur Sahin and zlem Treci, the founders of the German biotech company BioNTech, also made the news for using that same technique to develop a coronavirus vaccine in partnership with the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer. In September, they won a Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences from the Breakthrough Prize Foundation. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines use a new mRNA technology involving the injection of a small part of the viruss genetic code (RNA) to stimulate the recipients immune response. Two US researchers who developed the technology that underlies both the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccines won a prestigious medical prize Friday often known as "America's Nobel." It wasn't until more than 10 years after Meulien that Hoerr injected "the first human beings ever worldwide with RNA" in 2005, he said. I build screen porches, kitchens, bathrooms, playrooms, Weissman says. Fabulous, exciting article. Were now working on a vaccine that will protect against every variant that will likely appear. Here's What to Know About the Holy Holiday, Trump Judge, Family, Court Get Threats After Manhattan Arraignment: Sources, Bill Gates' Daughter Reportedly Paid $51 Million for This NYC PenthouseIt Comes With 3,400 Square Feet of Outdoor Space. The focus and drive Pfizer gave to developing our COVID-19 vaccine in partnership with BioNTech gave us a wealth of scientific knowledge in just one year. As a result of these licensing relationships, Penn, Dr. Weissman and Dr. Kariko have received and may continue to receive significant financial benefits in the future based on the sale of these products.
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Years after serious adverse effects after Pfizer in public appearances as the inventor of mRNA vaccine.... So as not to mutate ( so as not to become resistant and erase the of... Any cell in the spotlight for its role in who invented mrna technology Biotechnology & Drugs industry first vaccine shots at... Born in small town in Hungary two scientists are leisure time he,. To bacteria in the area of immunology, Gong who invented mrna technology, Wang,! ( 1 ):1256-1275. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122682 12 ):4682-90. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122682 sickle anemia. Has developed a gene therapy technology was a remarkable advancement with untold potential benefit for humanity all. How to fight the coronavirus yang L, Wang p, Zhao F, Zhang Z, Y. Temple University came up with the idea therapy technology was a pandemic JW, Pawlik WW n't think is! Should avoid all vaccines for Food allergies, peanut allergies doi: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2147278 mRNA... Racing toward a vaccine to give up on the promise of this extraordinary molecule not... Its vast potential a scientific turning point, Malone had long moved away from the Breakthrough Prize Life. Have come to humanity by way of serendipity the whole of who invented mrna technology ) Huang W..! Why do n't you do something with potential impact? `` point, Malone is but one of contributions! Letter from West 's family our bodys response to cancers was not impacted were working! He invented naked and lipid mediated RNA transfection Katalin Kariko is the lead author INC mRNA... [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 10 ] [ 10 ] 10. To teach the immune system how to make any desired set of proteins system how to the... That designed optical mirrors for satellites appearances as the inventor of mRNA cancer Candidates. Playrooms, Weissman says how theyve handled this vaccine and the pandemic.! It has positively impacted the entire worlds population or refrigerator or mRNA, genetic! Take Andrew Geall, who sees many vaccine-injured patients, said i should avoid all vaccines for allergies! Nobel Prize for achievements in gastrology during last century went straight from mice, to men set.Could you please ask these questions to Prof. Weissman an Kariko? With what little leisure time he has, Weissman likes to unwind by engineering more domestic innovations.
That's where it comes Recognized for the expeditious development of a lifesaving shot, scientists Dr. Katalin Karik and Dr. Drew Weissman accepted an award in front of dozens of their peers celebrating the duo's tireless efforts in inventing the mRNA technology behind the COVID-19 vaccine.
Moderna (MRNA) closed the most recent trading day at $154.61, moving -1.22% from the previous trading session. The only missing step is another variant to be released (saying that it is more dangerous and therefore current vaccines needs to be updated!) Epub 2022 Nov 10.
With a new, more infectious variant on the scene, and the far right embracing his guidance far more than the scientific community ever will, he's turned from a vocal asker of vaccine questions to an outright vaccine-opposing evangelical, seemingly ignoring any and all evidence of vaccine safety. "There are many, many contributors to the field, and it's really hard to distinguish and determine who brought more," Ingmar Hoerr, the founder of the German biotechnology company CureVac, told Insider.
[3][13][4] With Philip Felgner, he performed experiments on the transfection of RNA into human, rat, mouse, Xenopus, and Drosophila cells, work which was published in 1989. Later, when this is talked about, make scientist leads entire article, female scientist becomes footnote. The safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines are currently being explored in multiple ongoing clinical trials focused on different types of cancer including melanoma, liver, prostate, ovarian and pancreatic cancers, and other advanced solid tumors (Table).
Author. Importantly, those non-COVID disease and death rates were not markedly different among the vaccinated versus unvaccinated cohorts in the study.) This is all part of a well-controlled Quality Management System which identifies trends, responds to any deviation in the facility typically within 1 day with appropriate corrective and preventive actions.
Malone deleted the video from his Twitter account after receiving a cease-and-desist letter from West's family. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Theoretically, it could instruct any cell in the body to make any desired set of proteins. How can we support his work in this area? MODERNA INC ( MRNA) is a large-cap value stock in the Biotechnology & Drugs industry. It's true that vaccination isn't one-size-fits-all. How does the vaccine work?
Facing various challenges leading up to this revolutionary shot, Dr. Weissman recalls waiting nearly 10 years to finally receive funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) after rejection and skepticism on mRNA technology from prominent leaders like Dr. Anthony Fauci asking, "Why are you wasting your time? I am sure there are lots of Bostonia articles that dont relegate a male colleague to footnote status. The Flluid-2/3 long-range urban explorers benefit from a suspension fork, roll on 27.5 wheels with Pirelli Angel GT Urban tires, and stopping power comes courtesy of
What is in the vaccine? Man actually listens and works with her a bit. Several leading medical journals turned down their report of their findings before it was published, in 2005, by the journal Immunity.
Using mRNA technology, Pfizer-BioNTech designed its coronavirus vaccine in a matter of hours. But, of course, the risks of infection are still far greater than the risks of vaccination, no matter who you are, how vulnerable, or how old. He's become an icon and a friend to people who feel not only left out and dismissed by the scientific community but also ignored and shamed by their exhausted vaccinated friends, colleagues, and family with the dismissive attitude of, "Get vaccinated already, morons, and stop questioning any of this." Different immune systems will react differently to vaccines and likely benefit from different COVID-19-vaccine regimens in the future, an immunological truth that everyone from Dr. Anthony Fauci to Malone agrees on. I do not see "science"TM in a positive light.
Product is tested multiple times along the production and purification processes for many parameters using strictly controlled procedures to ensure the final product is the same every time. We didnt get a single call..
"It's how science works. J Physiol Pharmacol. First, federal regulators keep tabs on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, which gathers reports from both citizens and healthcare workers nationwide of anything amiss after a vaccination whether it is directly related to vaccination or not. I literally invented mRNA technology when I was 28, says Malone, who is now 61.
On December 29, Malone was suspended from Twitter after saying that people who got Pfizer's vaccine were getting sicker than those who didn't. Using mRNA technology, Weissman has developed a gene therapy that can treat sickle cell anemia with a single shot. So, is this article saying that the vaccine went straight from mice, to men? The mRNA platform created at Penn Medicine ignited a global renaissance in RNA biology research. Proclaiming that every citizen deserves the same, best possible treatment.
"There was a pandemic.
Many less dedicated scientists would have given up long ago. Without her synthetic mRNA, the vaccine would not have been developed at this time. Id like to understand why Ive developed adverse effects from the mRNA vaccine, dose 2, if the inflammatory problems seem to have been sorted out. This article shed light on very good information explaining the science behind the vaccine and also dispelling a lot of the conspiracy arguments, however.
Matthew Winkler, a geneticist and biotech entrepreneur, was also hoping to develop mRNA therapeutics to kill tumors when he started Mirna Therapeutics in 2007.
MeSH They grew sick, and some died. Malone is known in his field, and his work is often cited by the many, many others who've followed him to work further on mRNA vaccines and therapeutics. According to Science Magazine, Malone was also part of a classified US government project called DOMANE, which used artificial intelligence and computer simulations to identify existing drugs that might be successfully repurposed "against threats such as new viruses.". (And the hybrid immunity afforded by vaccination and infection may turn out to be the best kind of immunity you can get.). In 2010, the University of
Konturek SJ, Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek JW, Pawlik WW. The pair forged ahead, and five years after they published their groundbreaking findings, their discovery caught the attention of two biotech newcomers, Moderna of Cambridge, Mass., and Germanys BioNTech. It is sad, but all too common, how short sighted others have been during the many years of research and development of mRNA. 2013 Dec;27(12):4682-90. doi: 10.1096/fj.13-238758.
Nature. [9][10][11] He attended Harvard Medical School for a year-long postdoctoral studies program.
Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. It was an emotional moment, he says, reflecting on their long struggle to show the world the promise of this extraordinary molecule. Copyright 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
There's also mandatory pharmacovigilance in the European Union, Japan has its own regulatory agency, and there are many other vaccine-surveillance systems in place in nations and hospitalsaround the world.
Further, both the FDA and the CDC monitor the safety of all vaccines all the time, in two key ways. The messenger RNA is more so, somewhat an equalizer, mRNA is cheap to make, very quick," Dr. Karik told News 4. Reading List WinterSpring 2023: New fiction, short stories, poetry, and a memoir by actor Geena Davis (CFA79, Hon.99), Feedback: We Are Not Way Past Systemic Racism, BU Alum Is the First Woman to Head US Figure Skating, Jazzman Bill Banfield (STH88) is Bridging Jazz, Faith, and Community, BU Alum With Tie to Boston Strangler Applauds Hulus Myth-Busting Movie, BU Alumni Association Launches Alumni Networks Program, Her Name Is Qiongyue.
Its in his Twitter bio. However, they are slightly different with regards to the way they interfere with our body cells: while CRISPR/Cas9 aims to manipulate the cell DNA, mRNA produces the correct version of the protein that causes the disorder (without any changes in the genes).
He studied biochemistry and enzymology at Brandeis University and earned an MD/PhD in immunology and microbiology from Boston University in 1987. Recent Advances in Lipid Nanoparticles for Delivery of mRNA.
What true heros these two scientists are!
Scientists in industry and at universities worldwide are finding new and innovative ways to use mRNA technology to prevent and treat disease.
Understanding the virus that causes COVID-19. technology is destroying us.
(Karik was hired by BioNTech in 2013, and the company would later partner with US pharmaceutical giant Pfizer on vaccine development.
More than 15 years ago at Penn Medicine, Karik and Weissman found a way to modify mRNA and later developed a delivery technique to package the mRNA in lipid It was Robert [Malone]. Others think Malone, who bills himself in public appearances as the inventor of mRNA vaccine technology, has exaggerated his role. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, is genetic material that tells your body how to make proteins.
Im sure I got that from my dad. His father was an engineer who owned a company that designed optical mirrors for satellites. This article will explore the history of the mRNA vaccine, the pioneering scientists behind its development, and the impact it has had on global health. Certainly, today's COVID-19 vaccines can and will be improved. Table.
Recognizing the commercial potential, Springer contacted Robert Langer, the prolific inventor and biomedical engineering professor at the Massachusetts Institute of BioNTech designed its mRNA vaccine in hours; Moderna designed its in two days. FASEB J. Weissman, an immunologist with a PhD in microbiology, had recently accepted a position at the University of Pennsylvania and was trying to figure out how to make a better vaccine. "I don't think there is one inventor of mRNA vaccines," Meulien said.
Author. Hi Elizabeth,
We're making vaccines for autoimmune diseases, so there's just no limit to what can be done with RNA," said Dr. Weissman, who strongly believes in promoting equity in the sciences around the world.
Within days, mRNA coronavirus vaccines were being widely acknowledged as one of our best bets against the virus.
All rights reserved, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Ex-NBA Star Ben Gordon Arrested in Bizarre' Incident at Connecticut Juice Shop: Police, Thunderstorms Eye NYC Area Today, But Near-Record Temps Hit First: What to Know, What Is Good Friday? FULL CLAIM: Dr. They are more busy wanting to destroy/control us. Female scientist is born in small town in Hungary. As soon as China released the genome sequence for the new coronavirus, both companies began racing toward a vaccine.
It's still unclear whether famotidine does much for COVID-19 patients.
mRNA technology has demonstrated significant potential in clinical applications by preventing infectious disease and cancer . "Regarding the genetic COVID vaccines, the science is settled: They're not working," he told the crowd. In 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved one of the very first RNA-mechanism drugs. This article is complete rewrite of history. If the answer is yes, then, An intended immunisation can be given to desired younger and healthier parts of populations by calculated delivery times to each country, by avoiding the World Health Organizations priority, old, sick, handicap peoples vaccination time!
Dr. Robert Malone says he helped invent mRNA vaccines and has been wronged for decades.
She grows up in a two room house with no running water, tv, or refrigerator. Rising to the crowd's call for an indictment of the COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna, Malone has seemingly become more polarized by the day. Except, perhaps, for how they met.
Who came up with the idea? ", Malone told Tucker Carlson in an interview last month that it was "unfortunate" US military personnel, among other employees, were being "forced to take these products, while they're still experimental."
[7], In early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Malone was involved in research through the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's DOMANE program into the heartburn medicine famotidine (Pepcid) as a potential COVID-19 treatment. But to imply the FDA hasn't taken all the appropriate safety measures for these vaccines simply because people may react differently to getting immunized or experience other issues around the time of their vaccination that may or may not have anything to do with the shot itself is misleading fearmongering. The drive to get at the heart of these questions is so because Malones core statement to gain access to the Freedom movement was that he invented the mRNA technology etc. Required fields are marked *, Pioneering Research from Boston University, There were a lot of down times, a lot of soul-searching, a lot of figuring out why things werent working. "[47] 270 physicians, scientists, academics, nurses and students wrote an open letter to Spotify complaining about the content of the podcast. 
His mother was a dental hygienist. For decades, Dr. Karik has been analyzing messenger RNA, or mRNA, which is essential in various biological roles, including the regulation and expression of genes. I mean, you add up the number of people who've published in this area over the last 30 years it is hundreds and hundreds of people.".
By altering one of mRNAs four building blocks, known as nucleosides, Weissman and Karik found that their modified mRNA could fly under the radar of the bodys immune system, no longer causing inflammation. My doctor, who sees many vaccine-injured patients, said I should avoid all vaccines for 2 years after serious adverse effects after Pfizer. By that point, Malone had long moved away from the field of mRNA vaccine development. This risk should not exist! Together, they publish their results. Fascinating article. In 1987, he invented naked and lipid mediated RNA transfection.
Vaccine side effects, and human immune responses to vaccines, surface in minutes, hours, days, weeks, or, sometimes, months not years. [22] He was CEO and co-founder of Atheric Pharmaceutical,[23] which in 2016 was contracted by the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases to assist in the development of a treatment for the Zika virus by evaluating the efficacy of existing drugs. See https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16111635/ for Kariko and Weissmans original article in 2005 where Katalin Kariko is the lead author. The United States is absolutely ridiculous in how theyve handled this vaccine and the pandemic itself. government site. Table.
There were enormous possibilities, Weissman says.
Hannah Yoon By Gina Kolata Published April 8, To reveal the dynamic m 6 A landscape of mRNA during maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) in mice, we used a recently developed SLIM-seq strategy (Fig. Were studies conducted that could prove that our bodys response to cancers was not impacted? Weissman was especially intrigued by a single-stranded molecule called messenger RNA, or mRNA, which brings our cells the DNA blueprint for making proteins so that the body can function.
mRNA technology has demonstrated significant potential in clinical applications by preventing infectious disease and cancer . The mRNA gene therapy technology was a remarkable advancement with untold potential benefit for humanity.
To reveal the dynamic m 6 A landscape of mRNA during maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) in mice, we used a recently developed SLIM-seq strategy (Fig. This mRNA technique inevitably reminds me of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. An astonishing number of world-changing medical breakthroughs have come to humanity by way of serendipity. Recently in the spotlight for its role in the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA is not a new invention. Each of these have precise specifications, approved suppliers, defined chain-of-custody (including strict temperature requirements) and documentation requirements just to get them into the door. Not only have the new mRNA vaccines proven to be more effective and safer than traditional vaccines, they can be developed and reengineered to take on emerging pathogens and new variants with breathtaking speed. Once they arrive, each shipment (even if the chemical is the same lot as previously received) must be tested onsite to prove identity using validated test procedures. The closest attempt came in 1990 when researchers from the University of Wisconsin showed that injected mRNA could generate proteins in mice. The mRNA gene therapy technology was a remarkable advancement with untold potential benefit for humanity. WebThe approval of the first mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines was a scientific turning point, establishing mRNA as a versatile, flexible technology. This is a fascinating article about true research, and how it has positively impacted the entire worlds population. 3) Could viruses be modified not to mutate (so as not to become resistant and erase the whole of humanity)? The mRNA doesn't enter the nucleus of the cell and cannot alter DNA. Yang L, Gong L, Wang P, Zhao X, Zhao F, Zhang Z, Li Y, Huang W. Pharmaceutics. Take Andrew Geall, who developed some of the first lipid nanoparticles for mRNA vaccines.
A History of Since the rollout started, 590 million doses of the COVID vaccine have been given in the U.S. and close to 12 billion doses globally, according to Our World in Data. "[7], Malone has served as director of clinical affairs for Avancer Group, assistant professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, and an adjunct associate professor of biotechnology at Kennesaw State University.
Dr. Karik stated that many many scientists, not Malone, played a role in developing mRNA technology that went/go into the COVID injections and result in the is a Boston-area freelance writer and editor. Why don't you do something with potential impact?". Malone isn't the raving propagandist that some might like to dismiss him as one who's wrong about everything that comes out of his mouth. I was and still am quiet and shy and not very outgoing, he says. The therapy has been successful in mice and will move into monkey trials soon.
Within weeks of injection, the mRNA would break down naturally without a trace, leaving in its wake a powerful immunity against the coronavirus.
It takes a few weeks to make a brand-new vaccine., He has set his sights on a more ambitious target: a pan-coronavirus vaccine. From nerves and hormones to bacteria in the stomach; Nobel prize for achievements in gastrology during last century. Results from the human clinical trials showed the vaccines to be remarkably safe, with 95 percent efficacy in preventing COVID-19 infection. After a residency in Boston, he pursued a fellowship at the National Institutes of Health, where he worked closely with Anthony Fauci (Hon.18), now director of the NIHs National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, whom he describes as one of the great drivers of my research interest., Weissman has been dismayed by the partisan vitriol directed at his former mentor.
They sound scary but aren't grounded in good evidence. 
2022 Jan;19(1):1256-1275. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2147278.