They therefore make a fitting conclusion to the scene, sealing it off from the narrative by leaving us with the notion that the mind of the army is ordered aright, as if it had been persuaded by a well-designed piece of imperial oratory39. At XVI, 12, 9, on the verge of battle, Julian delivers a brief speech to his troops which counsels delay. It is also a history, not a disguised biography, with exploration of the general decline of the empire. XVI, 12 itself begins by contrasting the number of the barbarian troops with the lesser Roman force, then moves on to make a great point of the arrogant confidence of the Germans as they send envoys to the Caesar in order to expel him from their lands. . Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983, p.142. WebPaulus, genannt Catena (die Kette; Ende 361/Anfang 362), war ein sptantiker rmischer Beamter am Hof des Kaisers Constantius II., wo er von 353 bis 361 als notarius fungierte. 34 this eagerness had the approval of the superior officers. Mr. Hamilton made a translation with an elegant lilt for a Roman history. Even if he had not been expected to claim the military autonomy he believed his successes vindicated, Julians decision to engage the Alamannic alliance by crossing the Rhine (in defiance of an earlier treaty brokered by Constantius), actually put into motion the northerly phase of a pincer strategy against the Germans, complemented by the Augustus movements in Switzerland to the south. About this book Drawing on recent scholarly advances and new evidence, Timothy Barnes offers a fresh and exciting study of Constantine and his life. The introduction begins with a notice of the time of day: A remark on time of day is a staple first element of Ammianus, scenes. Quelques rflexions sur le pouvoir imperial daprs Ammien Marcellin, Modern scholarship has deflated Ammianus outrage somewhat, recognizing not only that Constantius, who had only recently overcome the usurpation of Julians half-brother Gallus, may have had legitimate grounds both for worrying about his Caesars complete lack of military experience and for mistrusting the loyalty of a junior colleague. 24Ammianus is selective in choosing these sentiments from the uproar of massed soldiers. New Catholic Encyclopedia. e. a. thompson, The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus (Cambridge, Eng. Instead, as a reminder of the emergent military occasion, the marching ranks are introduced according to their order and kind: infantry, cavalry, cataphractarii, and archers. K.Rosen, op. For a concise history of Ammianus stylistic reception, see R.B, Mimesis. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ammianus-marcellinus, "Ammianus, Marcellinus Relations with Roman officialdom soon deteriorated and the Goths rose in revolt. When the speech concludes, the audience reaction is even more definitive: Nemo post haec finita reticuit, sed militares omnes horrendo fragore scuta genibus illidentes () immane quo quantoque gaudio praeter paucos Augusti probauere iudicium Caesaremque admiratione digna suscipiebant imperatorii muricis fulgore flagrantem. In any case, it is the only such application of the adjective in Ammianus speech introductions and contrasts tellingly with the description of other imperial orators, whose appearance of calm and confidence is often at odds with Ammianus account of their inner state24. The Germans become more arrogant when they not only recognize a smaller opposing force, but also the standards of a legion of the Magnentian Caesar Decentius, whom they had defeated years before. 395 CE, a Greek of Antioch, joined the army when still young and served under the governor Ursicinus and the emperor of the East Constantius II, and later under the emperor Julian, whom he admired and accompanied against the Alamanni and the Persians. His knowledge of ancient history and literature is impressive. Ammianus Marcellinus is one of the last voices of the classical era, making this a book of particular interest, closing a chapter that begins with Heraclitus. 32 Ammianus includes a brief digression on the personal tutelary spirit, the daimon or genius, at XXI, 14, 3. The Representation of Reality in Western L ; 4 Cursory comments appear in M. L. W. Laistner, The Greater Roman Historians, Berkeley, University of ; 2 Over the past century and a publication in traditional print. "Ammianus, Marcellinus WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and Firstly, the soldiers rely on the favour of the heavenly deity, secondly on their own self-confidence, thirdly on the tried valour of their fortunate leader. The last date is today's How did Joyce choose his titles carefully for different potential meanings in Dubliners? 4 (1957), p.78-84, on the role of the Caesar in the time of Ammianus. Following Constantius first presentation of Julian, for example, he is actually interrupted by the soldiery: interpellans contio lenius prohibebat arbitrium summi numinis id esse non mentis humanae uelut praescia uenturi praedicimans (XV, 8, 9)9. The Germans become more arrogant when they not only recognize a smaller opposing force, but also the standards of a legion of the Magnentian Caesar Decentius, whom they had defeated years before. Ammianus mentions the independence of the Gallic army soon. Acclamation as a means of presenting the reception of the audience is also used at XXVII, 6, 14, on Gratians elevation. WebThe Roman Empire persisted, but its territory shrunk. While meaningful allusion is a key aspect of Ammianus method, the present case does not seem to yield more than superficial similarities, and in more important ways is quite different. Now Ammianus is not Tacitus or Livy in terms of writing style, but he had an advantage over many of these ancient historians; namely, he lived and participated (i.e., was an eye witness) to most of the events he describes. , diss. Readers trust theseries to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-datetranslations by award-winning translators. The Later Roman Empire. n. 1, p.248-249. WebCheung 4 INTRODUCTION The Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus provides us with substantial detail on the late Roman Empire as it is a key source of information regarding the 4 th and 5 th centuries resulting from the presence of Ammianus, himself, during those events. The conclusio (XVI, 12, 12) is an attempt at persuasion by linking the acceptance of this advice with divine favour: statum nutantium rerum, recto consilio in bonam partem accepto, aliquotiens diuina remedia repararunt (XVI, 12, 12)28. At this point the formal introduction of the speech can be said to begin. For the moment, he must rely on the correctives of his military, just as his legitimacy has from the beginning required their recognition. Browse All Our Lists, Essays, and Interviews, Stories & Activities To Celebrate Womens History Month With Kids, The Fiction Novels Jenny Jackson Is Loving Right Now. Yet the greater focus on detail allowed by the battle narrative means that the scope of action is somewhat exploded, and certain concluding elements of the speech are delayed, just as certain of the introductory elements were dispersed in explanatory text. interrupting, the assembly gently prevented him [from speaking further], declaring their intuition, as if they could foretell the future, that it was the choice of the highest divinity, not of a human mind. WebEntdecke Works GBB Englisch Ammianus Marcellinus Harvard University Presse Hardcover in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel!
Please try again later. Word Count: 67. It is ironic that Gaius Iulius Caesar, a contemporary of Cicero and Catullus, and certainly another contender for the title of Most I, Marcus Terentius Varro 
cit., p.98, quotes Ciceros precepts on the quality of consilium in prouidendo (Cicero, Pro lege Manilia 29). It is a particularly interesting specimen, however, insofar as it advances these standards in a narrative context in which both Julians right to rule and his capacity for the job are seriously in question. While meaningful allusion is a key aspect of Ammianus method, the present case does not seem to yield more than superficial similarities, and in more important ways is quite different. WebAMMIANUS AND THE LATE ROMAN ARMY As depicted in many studies of the later Roman Empire, the military sys-tem perfected by Constantine seems more tightly Buy. From the general statement of divine favour, the soldiers move to the notion of a fortunate leader, which in Ammianus usage means much more than simply lucky, as J.C.Rolfe translates31. This is a tension that may increase or abate in the course of repeated speech scenes in an ongoing narrative. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. ai thinker esp32 cam datasheet What he reports in the next paragraph reveals another aspect of his careful representation of the speech event: accessit huic alacritati plenus celsarum potestatum assensus, . This point will be raised as a problem by Julian in his speech. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Following the recitation of Florentius reasoning, Ammianus launches into a three-paragraph explication of the military estate of Gaul and of various particularities of the enemy force. Introduction n recent decades, a number of important studies have clearly shown that paideia still retained in the later Roman Empire its full force as cultural ideal.1 These works state that the traditional literary, philosophical, and It is tempting to recognize this genius as the first appearance in the work of the genius publicus of the entire res Romana headed on earth, of course, by the emperor. Given this background, it seems that Constantius appointment of Julian shows a calculated degree of confidence and faith in an untried personality, rather than an underhanded cunning. , Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1986, p.69; 7176. Further significance is to be discovered in Ammianus artful manipulation of these details. Finally, the symbolic role assigned to Julian of representing the power of an Augustus who could not be physically present was one in a longstanding tradition of caesarean responsibilities of which the historian must have been aware, In addition to such correctives to Ammianus account of Constantius slights against Julian, it also seems likely that the historian deliberately obscures the Augustus direction (or at least collaboration) in the very positive aspects of Julians military role in Gaul he takes such care to promote. The four reasons he attributes to the army embody tropes of Roman military excellence and especial favour which are more often found within the body of the speech texts. Thomas J. Sienkewicz. 37 N.Bitter, op. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Ammianus Marcellinus (b. c. 330d. Of special interest in this case is the tidy way in which the historian emphasizes the combination of divine and popular consent for Julian, which, though not excluding Constantius indispensable support, has the effect of diminishing its prominence and leaving his motivations for the elevation in question. In any case, it is the only such application of the adjective in Ammianus speech introductions and contrasts tellingly with the description of other imperial orators, whose appearance of calm and confidence is often at odds with Ammianus account of their inner state. WebAmmianus Marcellinus, ca. Austrian historian Ernst Stein praised Ammianus as "the greatest literary genius that t . when proper advice has been taken in good part, divine assistance has often put right a tottering state of affairs. The Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant military events including the Battle of Strasbourg and the Goth's Revolt. Frequently imperial orators are described as speaking serenely or placidly, as here, or as otherwise appearing favourable to their audiences, the primary sense of which is innate according to P. De Jonge, could also carry with it a secondary sense of genuine, which is a post-classical accretion. WebSteele, 'Ammianus Marcellinus', Classical World 16 (1922), 18-24, 27-8, at 20, and before that the unflattering remark of Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-88, ed. The historians paramount criterion for representing a speech scene would seem to be that of mere legitimacy: Ammianus not only limits fully represented adlocutiones to imperial figures, but expressly denies them to those he regards to be usurpers or pretenders7. And go from well-read to best read with book recs, deals and more in your inbox every week. 325ca. 125) was a Roman orator and historian. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1966, p.149-151; general as well as specific comments and interpretations are to be found in J. From Julians first appearance as a candidate for imperial office in Book XV, the historian takes the view, shared by Libanius and Julian himself, that the young scholar, snatched unexpectedly from a private life of study and thrust into a public life of imperial service, was but a pawn in his elder colleagues cynical game of rulership12. WebAmmianus Marcellinus was the last great Roman historian, and his writings rank alongside those of Livy and Tacitus. At XVI, 12, 9, on the verge of battle, Julian delivers a brief speech to his troops which counsels delay. It is a tension that is productive in providing Ammianus a nuanced and multilayered imperial portraiture, and one that at the same time vivifies the ceremonial scenes that moderns have been so quick to pass over. Following the recitation of Florentius reasoning, Ammianus launches into a three-paragraph explication of the military estate of Gaul and of various particularities of the enemy force36. MOMMSEN, THEODOR (18171903), German historian and legal scholar. D. Womersley, 1995), ch. At this point Julians decision to call back his scouts, utilitati securitatique recte consulens Caesar, (XVI, 12, 8), is reported as he prepares to make his unplanned speech to the hastily assembled troops. 29 The view that Ammianus intends Julians speech to stand in the tradition of the reverse psychology exhortation, whereby a general speaks contrary to his own mind in order to test or otherwise deceive the soldiery into doing what he wants, is attractive, but seems only barely possible in the situation, and is not consistent with Ammianus characterization of Julian. Ammianus, in contrast to Julians panegyrists, is not silent on this strategy, though he does not highlight it17. In this disordered state they were charged by the Ostrogoth horsemen who, according to Ammianus, "descended from the mountain like a thunderbolt." But therefore to conclude that the speeches are merely perfunctory generic relics is seriously to underestimate their role in Ammianus complex narrative. New Catholic Encyclopedia. For a response see J.Matthews, Peter Valvomeres, Re-arrested, in M.Whitby (ed. The last history of Rome written in Latin by a pagan, Ammianuss Compendium of Roman History serves as a window into the Roman Empire immediately before its fall. It is a tension that is productive in providing Ammianus a nuanced and multilayered imperial portraiture, and one that at the same time vivifies the ceremonial scenes that moderns have been so quick to pass over. Groningen, Boumas Boekhuis, 1972, p.180 (, is not a term to be found in Ammianus at all, yet it is clear from his treatment of speeches in the history that this term can usefully be employed to distinguish the type of speeches he allots to Augustan figures from others. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Acclamation as a means of presenting the reception of the audience is also used at XXVII, 6, 14, on, It is extremely interesting that Ammianus chooses to round off his presentation of the speech-scene with this brief piece of, spoken by a member of an army which has rejected its leaders counsel, . Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1992, p.27-37. During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The all-important balance of. The language of fortune and divine interest runs through these claims like a thread, binding the purported words of the soldiers in a typically Ammeanean formulation of Julians particular aptitude for imperial office. The Goths annihilated Valenss Roman army; by some accounts, the Romans lost upwards of 40,000 men. The emphatic defeat of Emperor WebCheung 4 INTRODUCTION The Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus provides us with substantial detail on the late Roman Empire as it is a key source of information regarding the 4 th and 5 th centuries resulting from the presence of Ammianus, himself, during those events. Where Ammianus would usually move immediately to an indication of the speakers attitude before he begins his address, the formulaic pattern, such as it is here, is broken to include additional circumstantial information on the distance between the Roman line and the barbarian camp (XVI, 12, 8). WebAmmianus Marcellinus was the last great Roman historian, and his writings rank alongside those of Livy and Tacitus. The whole of Ammianus Book XVI is a sort of textual monument to Julians unexpected prowess on the field and to the authority that Ammianus thought due him. Nevertheless, his portrayal of Julian at such a crucial juncture reveals both a deep understanding of the motivation of his character and a subtle approach to the polemic he offers in Julians behalf. Such speeches, presented according to a specific protocol before an assembled army either in camp or on the field, were in Ammianus day the sole prerogative of the Augustus. 6In its own position, Julians Strasbourg speech draws on the standards of ceremonial legitimacy that accompanied Ammianus portrayal of his Caesarian accession in 355 (XV, 8), where he has no speaking role, but is presented before the army for investiture by Constantius at that point his benefactor and patron. The Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian Corrections? g. b. pighi, Reallexikon fr Antike und Christentum, ed. Originally it consisted of thirty-one books covering Roman imperial history from about 96 to 378 c.e., but only the last eighteen books, describing events from late 353 c.e. Various aspects of its composition have been thoroughly studied, and its role in heroizing the ascendant Caesar Julian ahead of his breach with his patron and senior imperial partner Constantius has been duly recognized. Read properly, Ammianus ceremonial speech scenes are rich, in which ideology becomes a dynamic and indeed dramatic aspect of Ammianus historical judgement. WebKeywords: Ammianus Marcellinus, Paideia, Self-fashioning 1. All translations are my own. Julian, on the other hand, suffers a setback in confidence (. 6 Apr. Ammianus was solidly prejudiced against the Persians, whom he considered the hereditary enemies of the Roman Empire. Recognizing them as such sanctions a much more nuanced and meaningful reading of their composition than is possible if their relevance is dismissed out of hand. What he reports in the next paragraph reveals another aspect of his careful representation of the speech event: accessit huic alacritati plenus celsarum potestatum assensus (XVI, 12, 14)34. . 10In addition to such correctives to Ammianus account of Constantius slights against Julian, it also seems likely that the historian deliberately obscures the Augustus direction (or at least collaboration) in the very positive aspects of Julians military role in Gaul he takes such care to promote. Roman historian; b. Antioch, between a.d. 325 and 335; d. probably in Rome, c. 400. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Ammianus Marcellinus, (born c. 330, Antioch, Syria [now Antakya, Tur.]died 395, Rome [Italy]), last major Roman historian, whose work continued the history of the later Roman Empire to 378. 13The general impression of Julian that Ammianus wishes to convey in the chapters before the Strasbourg battle narrative is clear: the pious, learned, divinely favoured Caesar is achieving great things in the provinces against adversaries both native (in campaigns against the Alamanni and Franks) and Roman (he is calumniated by the magister peditum et equitum Marcellus, XVI, 7, who had refused him aid in battle, XVI, 4, 3). Copyright LibraryThing and/or members of LibraryThing, authors, publishers, libraries, cover designers, Amazon, Bol, Bruna, etc. 26 In his speech Julian is, in fact, manifesting the ideal qualities of a war leader. Paris 1942) 433436. 19Ratio drives Julians appeal as a Caesar not faint of heart (non iacentis animi Caesarem, XVI, 12, 9) to ask his soldiers to rely on their own mature and robust courage by choosing the path of caution (cautiorem uiam potius eligamus) rather than rushing headlong into an engagement with the enemy (non praeproperam et ancipitem). Ammianus seems to have had some access to official decrees and some internal documents. An online magazine for todays home cook. Web4 [A] Conflict [of Ideas in the Late Roman Empire, I952], 4, 4I ; Alf6ldi's view of Ammianus has not generally been accepted: cf., for example, N. H. Baynes, JRS XLIII (953), I69. One of my favourite Latin histories, perhaps because I'm more interested in the fall of the Roman empire instead of its rise. 325ca. Title. Word Count: 26. Now, in a narrative that is meant to add consummate weight to his account of Julians military successes in Gaul, Ammianus reveals the Caesar as an active participant in his own destiny. 7 There are twelve imperial set speeches in the extant narrative: XIV, 10, 11: Constantius on the battlefield; XV, 8, 5: Constantius elevates Julian to Caesarian rank; XVI, 12, 9: Julian on the field at Strasbourg; XVII, 13, 26: Constantius celebrates his Sarmatian victory; XX, 5, 3: Julian accepts unilateral Augustan elevation; XXI, 5, 2: Julian declares open hostilities against Constantius Augustus; XXI, 13, 10: Constantius declares open hostilities against Julian; XXIII, 5, 16 and XXIV, 3, 4: Julian on the Persian campaign; XXVI, 2, 6: Valentinians Augustan accession; XVII, 6, 12: Valentinian elevates Gratian to Augustan rank.
Omissions? Nothing is known of his education. Following Constantius first presentation of Julian, for example, he is actually interrupted by the soldiery: interpellans contio lenius prohibebat arbitrium summi numinis id esse non mentis humanae uelut praescia uenturi praedicimans, . De Labriolle classes him with those cultured pagans, so numerous at the time, who from contempt or indifference looked at the contemporary Christian revolution without understanding it or being impressed by it. The Representation of Reality in Western Literature. In a narrative that is often seen as unambiguously propagandistic, Ammianus is in fact very careful to reveal an imperial figure who has yet to reach the maturity of personal fortuna and self-sufficiency. Ammianus speech scenes, being careful amalgams of ceremony and direct speech and formally distinct from the surrounding narrative, are thus appropriate literary expressions of fourth-century imperial ideology and experience. Probably born into a Greek-speaking family of Antiochs elite, he served as a protector domesticus in the Roman army from about 350 c.e. His Res gestae in 31 books runs from Nerva to the death of Valens (96378); extant are books 14 (353) to 31, published between 392 and 397. In keeping with the general trend to re-evaluate late antique culture on its own terms rather than on those of the classical canon, recent scholarship has been more forgiving of Ammianus stylistic quirks and eccentricities. WebAmmianus Marcellinus, ca. In this case Julian is actually cut short as he articulates his plans to encamp the army for the night and to march out early in the next morning. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. It is indicative of the particular situation of this speech that the time is verging on midday rather than dawn, which is the case in other scenes with time phrases in their introductions. cit., p.101, on the three factors stressed in the brief speech. Classical essays for J. Bramble, Bristol, Bristol Classical Press, 1987, p.277-284. is used to introduce the present speech, though apparently not in its technical sense. WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant military events including the Battle of Strasbourg and the Goth's Revolt. c. u. clark, 2 v. (Berlin 191015); LatinEnglish edition, ed. Considered in the total context of Julians imperial career as it appears in the, The theoretical terms of divine favour and army support, as well as the protection of an elder Augustus, were set out formally (XV, 8, 8) at Julians caesarian accession with all the pomp and splendor of the fourth-century ceremonial. cit., p.104-110. "Ammianus Marcellinus - Additional Resources" Literature and the Ancient World, Critical Edition His account of the decay of the Empire is fascinating, particularly the brief reign of Julian, tagged htroughout history by vengeful Christians as Julian the Apostate. After these words had been spoken no one was silent, but all the soldiers began to strike their shields on their knees with a horrible clash.
The rather sinister figure of Julians patron and senior imperial partner Constantius looms over Ammianus portrait of the Caesars early career. In the fourth century, they spilt westward in great numbers, dislodged by the emergence of the ferocious Huns from the Central Asian steppe. ." 30The theoretical terms of divine favour and army support, as well as the protection of an elder Augustus, were set out formally (XV, 8, 8) at Julians caesarian accession with all the pomp and splendor of the fourth-century ceremonial. Discover another part of the world. I enjoy this book. There is a brief and dated monograph: G.B. Pighi, I Discorsi nelle Storie dAmmiano Marcellino, Milan, Vita e Pensiero, 1936. In that context, ceremonial and non-verbal forms of communication were becoming increasingly prominent, the office of emperor had become an increasingly centralized basis of authority, and the military the de facto arbiter of power6. He opens with the pointed urget ratio and twice in the exordium (XVI, 12, 9-10) he voices the typical promise to be brief in his comments. Ammianus is careful to respect this convention while at the same time strongly intimating Julians ripeness for an Augustan role. We should note that the verb. 28 when proper advice has been taken in good part, divine assistance has often put right a tottering state of affairs. It will appear once more in close proximity to Julians speech-scenes (XX, 5, 10), and once (in slightly altered form) in association with Constantius (XXV, 2, 3). Here shields and spears are clashed together, and this, along with gnashing teeth, is indication at least of eagerness for battle (ardoremque pugnandi) if not of outright anger, which is the way Ammianus explains the gesture at XV, 8, 15. Livys account of the conduct of Aemilius Paulus prior to the battle of Pydna (XLIV, 36) is adduced as the model by N. , p.64-66. Put another way, we could say that in his effort to represent a different reality than that of traditional Roman historiography, Ammianus had to transform deliberative rhetorics shape and role, yet has at the same time preserved its capacity to invest narrative with an innate intellectual dimension, The speech scene under examination here uses the expected standards of ceremonial regularity to bolster Ammianus well-known championship of Julians right to rule, as well as his capacity for the job. Roman historian; b. Antioch, between a.d. 325 and 335; d. probably in Rome, c. 400. Ammianus even mentions the commonplace rumour that Constantius really sent Julian to Gaul so that he could die there in battle, thus eliminating a threat of usurpation (XVI, 11, 13)14. Articles such as this one were acquired and published with the primary aim of expanding the information on Britannica.com with greater speed and efficiency than has traditionally been possible. Formally speaking, Julians ambiguous standing is reflected in the fact that when he delivers his oration he does not, as a mere Caesar, enjoy the right of, interrupting, the assembly gently prevented him [from speaking further], declaring their intuitio.
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