However, these averages do not reflect local conditions which are extremely divergent and the natural variability in rainfall in the country makes it difficult to detect long-term trends.Rainfall variability is increasing (and predictability is decreasing) in many parts of the country. Rainfall in Ethiopia shows high variability across space and time owing to the complex topography varying from 120 mbsl to 4620 masl (Reda et al. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The three ensemble models employed for our study are CanESM2 with a resolution of 2.812.79 degrees from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (Canada), CSIRO-MK3.6.0 with a resolution of 1.8751.865 degrees from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia), and GFDLESM2 with a resolution of 2.022 degrees from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and downloaded from PCMDI (http://pcmdi3.llnl.gov/esgcet). All other factors of vegetation dynamics are most likely dependent of climatic factors and they do not vary temporally in a very short period of time like temperature and rainfall. 5324, pp. WebIt covers all aspects of the dynamics of global climate systems, including analytical and numerical modeling research on the structure and behavior of the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, biomass, and land surface as interacting components of the dynamics of global climate.
However, some parts of the country enjoy a temperate climate. F. Engelbrecht, J. Adegoke, M. J. Bopape et al., Projections of rapidly rising surface temperatures over Africa under low mitigation, Environmental Research Letters, vol. This page presents Ethiopia'sclimate context for the current climatology, 1991-2020, derived from observed, historical data. Webtemperature and rainfall in the annual, seasonal and monthly time scale at Kombolcha and Dessie Meteorological stations. 592616, 2013. Winds NE at 20 to 30 mph. As pointed out by IPCC [1], climate variability and change are among the major environmental challenges of the 21st century. WebIn Ethiopia, rainfall tends to increase to the west and at higher elevations, and the interaction of these two features is seen in an increase, a decrease, and then another increase in rainfall when moving from east-to-west at 8N. Weather in the Maldives: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in the Bahamas: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Kenya: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Costa Rica: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Egypt: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Tanzania: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Southeast Asia: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in South Africa: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Iceland: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Argentina: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in the Philippines: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Los Angeles: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Africa: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Madagascar: Climate, Seasons and Average Temperatures. However, their altitudes very, and therefore their temperatures vary, as shown in table 5.1. The majority of these resulted in famines. E. M. Kilbourne, The spectrum of illness during heat waves, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.
Throughout history, people and societies have adjusted to and coped with changes in climate and extremes with varying degrees of success. The Climate of Ethiopia is highly diverse, ranging from equatorial rainforest with high rainfall and humidity in the south and southwest, to Afromontane regions on the summits of Semien and Bale Mountains to desert region in northeast, east and southeast Ethiopia. However, due to the impact of altitude, they do not. T. R. Karl, R. W. Knight, K. P. Gallo et al., A new perspective on recent global warming: asymmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperature, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. Contour-based spatial rainfall variability of (a) FMAM and (b) JJAS seasons. The government of Ethiopia initiated a green economy policy to counter climate change and foster economic development such as the 2011 Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE). Rain falls infrequently in this area, although the river itself serves to keep the land fertile even at the height of the dry season. T. Wolde-Georgis, D. Aweke, and Y. Hagos, Reducing the Impacts of Environmental Emergencies through Early Warning and Preparedness: The Case of the 1997-98 El Nio, National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2000. 0000127516 00000 n
417425, 2000. It is the astronomical first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. Rainfall over the tropical semiarid and arid areas is characterized by high interannual variability [50]. 364367, 1997. Following the directness of the Sun in March and September around the equatorthe ITCZ shifts towards equator. The inter-annual oscillation of the surface position of theITCZ causes a variation in the Wind flow patterns over Ethiopia and the Horn. The driest season is Bega, whereas the main rainy season is Kiremt in which 85% to 95% food crops are produced. Similarly, Jury [74] indicated weak upward trends in the rainfall observed for most models over Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, the Dega-zone is long inhabited and has dense human settlement due to reliable rainfall for agriculture and absence of vector-borne diseases such as malaria.Due to this high concentration of human population, the Dega zone has been intensively cultivated and has a high rate of soil erosion, overgrazing and deforestation. Chance of rain 90%. WebEthiopia has three rainfall seasons: Bega, Belg, and Kiremt. To assess the changes in precipitation patterns and extremes, a number of indicators were calculated based on the ETCCDI definitions (Table 1). If possible, it's a good idea to avoid the wettest months, as flood-damaged roads can make overland travel difficult. The projected climate extremes are examined by using ensemble CMIP5 models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. As the earth revolves around the sun, this inclination produces a change in the directness of the suns rays; which in turn causes the directness of the sun and differences in length of day cause seasons. CDD shows longer periods of dryness and a substantial increase which is conducive to the increase of drought. The first author is indebted to Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) for sponsoring his study in China. It is not easy to observe distinct variation in temperature between seasons as the sun is always high in the tropics.
The first mode of EOF shows that 49.6% was mostly negative with a high amount of spatial variability during FMAM and shows a general drying trend over eastern central, northern, and northeastern Ethiopia. 0000010157 00000 n
G. T. Diro, E. Black, and D. I. F. Grimes, Seasonal forecasting of Ethiopian spring rains, Meteorological Applications, vol.
Pas du tout Lgrement Bien Trs bien Parfait It also encompasses making the most of any potential beneficial opportunities associated with climate change (for example, longer growing seasons or increased yields in some regions). However, inEthiopia, as it is a highland country, tropical temperature conditions have no full spatial coverage. 0000001997 00000 n
This is a trusted computer. Hence, the zone includes most of the agricultural land. 2, pp. Because of this, the need for urgent and effective steps to build resilience is unquestionable. Keep me logged in. 21772183, 2007. [76] indicated that the observed changes in TNx and TXx over the entire globe were significant across land areas, and Omondi et al. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. During this passage the length of day and night are equal. At this time of year, the skies are overcast and you'll need an umbrella to avoid getting soaked.
Figure 12 indicates that the spatial variance of temperature increases remarkably from RCP4.5 to RCP8.5 climate scenario. S. Andualem, T. Tsegaye, R. Clinton, and O. Robert, Precipitation extremes in dynamically downscaled climate scenarios over the Greater Horn Of Africa, Atmosphere, vol. Climate change is one of the most complex issues facing us today. P. A. Omondi, J. L. Awange, E. Forootan et al., Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the Greater Horn of Africa region from 1961 to 2010, International Journal of Climatology, vol. 6, pp. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? This is an open access article distributed under the, https://data.ceda.ac.uk//badc/cru/data/cru_ts/cru_ts_4.01/data/, http://www.ccb.ucar.edu/ijas/ijasno2/georgis.html. 0000009445 00000 n
Worldbank, Ethiopia: Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA, 2010. The supplementary material contains three sections: Section A describes the data sources which we used to conduct this manuscript. Similarly, Dike et al. 5, World Bank Publications, Washington, DC, USA, 2005. The Bale Mountains are among highlands where lowest mean annual temperatures are recorded. The temperature and rainfall of this category is highly suitable for majority of crops grown in Ethiopia. For this study, we used twenty one extremes of temperature and precipitation (Table 1). M. New, M. Todd, M. Hulme, and P. Jones, Precipitation measurements and trends in the twentieth century, International Journal of Climatology, vol. This equinox experiences in Northern Hemisphere when the sun is exactly above the equator. 0000006444 00000 n
WebDo we have dynamics in temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia? 0000004484 00000 n
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gE Conversely, dry season (bega) rainfall, showed an increasing trend while kiremt season rainfall with decreasing trend for the period of19012015. Agriculture and water resource sectors are most likely to be heavily affected by the variability and reduced precipitation extremes and increased intensity, longer dry spells, and greater evaporation under more extreme temperatures. This study examined changes of extreme temperature and precipitation by using meteorological and CMIP5 datasets of daily temperature and precipitation. 8, pp. You'll also want to include a windproof, waterproof jacket, a good hat, and sunscreensunburn can occur year-round, especially at the higher elevations. In Ethiopia, the geographic peripheries in south, southeast, west and northeastern part are mainly in this category. The annual rainy day extremes are characterized by strong variability with a significant trend during 1980 to 2010 (Table 3; Figure 5). A rise in average temperature of about 1.3C has been observed between 1960 and 2006. Seasonal rainfall in Ethiopia is driven mainly by the migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and there is strong inter-annual variability of rainfall across the country. W. Tsegay, El Nio and drought early warning in Ethiopia, Internet Journal of African Studies, no. 3, pp. hb```b``a`c` @1vI^d s h@! ;Q6
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